February 2021

Emerging Europe strong on women’s economic opportunities but dragged down by low pensions

Countries from the emerging Europe region performed well on the latest global survey of women’s economic opportunities from the World Bank. The post-socialist countries of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe and Eurasia had an average score of 86.4 points out of 100, while globally, women had just three-quarters of the legal rights afforded to men on average around the world. The report “Women, Business and the Law 2021”, looks at laws and regulations in eight areas that affect women’s economic opportunities...

US. 3 Retirement Myths, Debunked: Social Security, The Stock Market And Savings

Retirement should inspire thoughts of mixed drinks on the beach and long afternoons with the grandkids. But for many people, just mentioning the word spurs anxiety. Younger Americans are waiting too long to put money away, middle-aged workers rarely make up for lost time and people approaching retirement hope to hold onto their jobs long enough to save just a few dollars more. Most people know they should be doing more to save for retirement, yet too few of us are...

Late-career Unemployment Shocks, Pension Outcomes and Unemployment Insurance

By Samir Elsadek Mahmoudi In response to unemployment shocks, older workers deplete their 401(k)s, particularly after the waiving of the early withdrawal penalty on unemployment-motivated withdrawals at age 55. This paper shows that Unemployment Insurance (UI) keeps older workers from depleting their 401(k) assets following job losses. UI also incentivizes older unemployed workers to delay claiming their Social Security (SS) benefits beyond the earliest age of eligibility, 62. Overall, UI enhances the retirement income of the individuals having a history...

Opportunities for extending social security coverage in Jordan

By ILO The report aims to support Jordanian policymakers in the extension of social security to informal workers. It formulates typologies for informal workers outside the social security system, analyses the main constraints to coverage and outlines a range of policy approaches for the extension of coverage. The Jordanian government has been working to expand social security coverage of its workforce. In the context of the National Social Protection Strategy, the Cabinet has committed to developing an action plan to reduce...

January 2021

The Shift to a Funded Social Security System: The Case of Argentina

By Joaquin Cottani & Gustavo Demarco The Argentine social security system has been modified a number of times since its creation in 1904. The pay-as-you-go system was adopted in 1954. The reform of 1969 established the system’s definitive structure, which remained substantially unchanged for more than twenty years. However, the system’s underlying financial problems led the government to undertake an integral reform of its social security program in 1993. The government adopted a mixed system by introducing private pensions into...

Disability pensions and social security reform : analysis of the Latin American experience

By Grushka, Carlos O. & Demarco, Gustavo This paper describes the disability pension arrangements prevailing in ten Latin American countries that reformed their pension systems. The analysis is limited to the topic of disability pensions, without attempting to evaluate other critical aspects such as the available infrastructure: handicapped access generally (ramps, blind cues), medical and nursing support, home care, and so on. The relative significance of disability pensions is highly dependant on these factors and, however, they are really limited...

Privatizing Social Security

By Martin Feldstein This volume represents the most important work to date on one of the pressing policy issues of the moment: the privatization of social security. Although social security is facing enormous fiscal pressure in the face of an aging population, there has been relatively little published on the fundamentals of essential reform through privatization. Privatizing Social Security fills this void by studying the methods and problems involved in shifting from the current system to one based on mandatory...

Retirement Savings in Mena

By Gustavo Demarco Public pensions are important in MENA, but their role as institutional investors remains uncertain in view of the sustainability problems that pension schemes are facing due to the over generosity of their promises. In addition to the gradual loss of reserves, portfolios are not very diversified and this, in turn, reveals a low level of professional management probably com bined with an absence of autonomy in the asset allocation process. An exception to this rule is the...

December 2020

Intergenerational Mobility of Health in India and Its Implications to Elderly Care

By E. Sownthara Rajan To understand the effect of education of children as an intervention to improve elderly health and suggest the sector of elderly who needs state support. This finding will help in locating a sector of elderly where the targeted geriatric care and elderly support can be provided. There is a prevalent conversation in academic literature about growing elderly population around the world which is estimated will be 22 per cent of the world population by 2050...

November 2020

Continuous-time Optimal Pension Indexing in Pay-as-You-Go Systems

By Oriol Roch Ageing population and economic crisis have placed pay-as-you-go pension systems in need of mechanisms to ensure its financial stability. In this paper, we consider optimal indexing of pensions as an instrument to cope with the financial imbalances typically found in these systems. Using dynamic programming techniques in a stochastic continuous-time framework, we compute the optimal pension index and portfolio strategy that best target indexing and liquidity objectives determined by the government. A numerical example is provided...