May 2021
13May

Have scale effects on cost margins of pension fund investment portfolios disappeared?

By Jacob Antoon Bikker, Jeroen Meringa Investment costs of pension funds are crucial for their returns. Consolidation in the pension fund market proceeds continuously, often with cost savings as the main argument. Unused economies of scale in the pension fund investment costs, however, have declined over the years to values close to zero, except for the very small pension funds. This paper investigates investment economies of scale in the Netherlands and pays special attention to the non-linear relationship between investment...

May 13, 2021
Articles, Operation, Pension design, System Sustainability, , ,
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13May

Aging and Wages of Older Workers in Japan

By Quoc Hung Nguyen We first theoretically argue that labor force aging leads to a fall in the relative wage of older workers based on the Tinbergen's labor supply-demand framework. Using data from Japan's Basic Survey on Wage Structure and Population Census across 47 prefectures, we then estimate that a 10% increase in the relative number of workers aged 55 and older leads to a fall in their corresponding relative wage in a range of 3.5% to 4.3%. This equivalently...

May 13, 2021
Aging, Articles, Labor Market, , ,
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13May

Integrating Social Insurance and Social Assistance Programs for the Future World of Labor

By Robert J. Palacios, David A. Robalino Given the prevalence of informal labor, most countries have combined contributory social insurance programs (pensions, unemployment benefits, and health insurance), with non-contributory insurance programs and several types of "safety nets." All of these programs involve different types of subsidies and taxes, sometimes implicit. Because of design problems and the lack of coordination/integration between programs, these subsidies/taxes tend to cause four problems: 1) they can reduce incentives to contribute to mandatory insurance programs and...

May 13, 2021
Articles, Labor Market, Pension design, ,
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06May

Does it Matter to be Informal? Type of employment and political opinions in the MENA region

By Anil Duman Informal activities are highly persistent in developing countries, and their economic effects are widely studied in the literature. Yet, political consequences of informality are relatively an understudied topic and big chunk of the existing work does not offer systematic examination of how informal sector participation shape preferences and attitudes. Our paper contributes to the literature by focusing on Arab countries that have very stable and large size of informal sectors in the world. Additionally, we take into...

May 6, 2021
Articles, Labor Market, , , , ,
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06May

A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Fiscal Policy Under Economic Growth From the Perspective of MMT

By Yasuhito Tanaka We present a game-theoretic analysis of fiscal policy under economic growth from the perspective of MMT using a simple two-periods overlapping generations (OLG) model with pay-as-you-go pensions. We show the following results. 1) Sustained budget deficit is necessary to maintain full-employment under economic growth driven by population growth or technological progress. 2) An excessive budget deficit triggers inflation, and after one period inflation full-employment is maintained by sustained budget deficit with constant price. 3) Insufficient government deficit...

May 6, 2021
Articles, System Sustainability, ,
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06May

Time Horizon, Saving Motive and Stock Market Participation

By Yosef Bonaparte This paper shows that household’s saving motives influence key portfolio choice decision: stock market participation. We utilize a unique data set from the Survey of Consumer Finance (2019 and panel 2007-209), which report about 24 reasons for saving and group these intro 6 saving motive categories: durable, retirement, bequest, emergency, smooth and luxury. Our channel to identify how saving motives influence portfolio choice encompasses the time horizon, from the household’s view, about the planning time horizon to...

May 6, 2021
Articles, Investment, Savings, ,
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April 2021
29Apr

Is Bitcoin Prudent? Is Art Diversified?: Offering Alternative Investments to 401(k) Participants

By Edward A. Zelinsky Whether any category of alternative investments ought to be considered for the menus offered to 401(k) participants is a fact-intensive question. Central to this inquiry are ERISA’s legal tests of prudence, diversification and loyalty. These tests require such fact-driven inquiries as the acceptability of a particular category of investments to investors in general and to professional defined benefit trustees in particular and the trustee’s motivation for embracing such investments. Another important concern when making this inquiry...

April 29, 2021
Articles, Investing, ,
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29Apr

Rethinking Retirement Savings

By Jason Fernandes, Janelle Orsi In this Commentary, we demonstrate that the rules governing retirement savings have been funneling tens of trillions of dollars into a narrow class of return-maximizing investments, including industries that have been driving inequality and widespread ecological destruction. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), along with its state law analogs, directs trustees to seek the highest risk-adjusted return on plan assets, regardless of the consequences to workers, their communities, and the planet. American...

April 29, 2021
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29Apr

What Explains Low Old-Age Income? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

By Olivia S. Mitchell, Robert L. Clark, Annamaria Lusardi We examine respondents in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to observe how their financial situations unfolded as they aged. We focus on low income older adults and follow them over time to identify the factors associated with having low income at baseline and thereafter. We find that (a) real income remained relatively stable as individuals approach and enter retirement, and progress through their retirement years, and (b) labor force participation...

April 29, 2021
Adequacy, Articles, Pension design, Savings, , , ,
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23Apr

ESG, Green Growth and Employee Capitalism: G7 Roadmap for the Fifth Industrial Revolution

By M. Nicolas J. Firzli, David Weeks, Nick Sherry This paper co-authored & edited jointly by M. Nicolas J. Firzli, David Weeks and the Hon. Nicholas Sherry looks at the twin notions of asset ownership and EESG-driven investment in relation to the emerging financial policy agenda of the 47th G7 Summit (Carbis Bay Summit) from the perspective of G7 and Australian pension investors and board members (trustees), which were discussed notably at two recent global conferences organised by the Singapore...

April 23, 2021
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