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Pensiones y reforma pensional: efectos macroeconómicos del envejecimiento en Colombia

Por Fernando Arias Rodríguez, Julián A. Parra Polanía

Analizamos los efectos que tendría el envejecimiento poblacional en las próximas décadas sobre el sistema pensional colombiano y sobre diferentes variables macroeconómicas. También consideramos el impacto de implementar gradualmente algunas reformas (aumento en la edad de pensión, reducción en la tasa de reemplazo y aumento de la porción de vida laboral considerada para el cálculo de la pensión del régimen de reparto). La disminución en la tasa de crecimiento poblacional afectaría considerablemente los retornos reales del régimen de reparto y, por tanto, para mantener las condiciones actuales de pensión de ese régimen se requeriría un incremento significativo en el cobro de impuestos. En contraste, con la implementación de las reformas analizadas, poco a poco se irían reduciendo los subsidios otorgados en el régimen de reparto. La consecuente disminución de impuestos y el aumento del ahorro en la economía, y por tanto del nivel de capital, incrementarían la productividad del trabajo y producirían tanto una subida del salario real como una caída de la tasa de interés real. Como consecuencia de las reformas y sus efectos se reducirían en gran medida las diferencias de bienestar entre regímenes pensionales y aumentaría, en el largo plazo, el bienestar de todos los individuos, tanto en el régimen de ahorro como en el de reparto. **** ABSTRACT: We analyze the effects of population aging in the next decades on the Colombian pension system and on several macroeconomic variables. We also consider the impact of several reforms that are gradually implemented in the economy (increasing the retirement age, reducing the replacement rate, and increasing the number of years considered in calculating pensions in the Pay-As-You-Go regime (PAYG)). A diminishing population growth rate would considerably affect the real returns of the PAYG; therefore, in maintaining the current pension conditions under such a regime, significant increases on taxes would be required. Conversely, with the implementation of the parametric reforms considered, the subsidies granted under PAYG regime would slowly be reduced. The resulting lower tax rates and greater savings in the economy, hence a greater capital stock, would increase the labor productivity as well as the real salary. It would also decrease the real interest rate. The welfare gap between pensión regimes could shrink because of the reforms and their effects. In the long run, the welfare of all individuals, irrespective of their pension regime choice, would increase.

Fuente: Ideas

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